ts. this is because they consider the effect of post-main-sequence solar mass loss in the paper. consequently, they found that the crossing time-scale of planetary orbits, which can be a typical indicator of the instability time-scale, is quite sensitive to the rate of mass decrease of the sun. when the mass of the sun is close to its present value, the jovian planets remain stable over 1010 yr, or perhaps longer. duncan & lissauer also performed four similar experiments on the orbit
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